1. Traditional machinery
From the use of lever, wedge and other principles to the use of inertia, friction, elasticity and gravity. In terms of manufacturing technology, it has experienced a transformation from stone tools manufacturing technology to bronze and other mechanical technologies. This fully shows that Chinese traditional mechanical technology has been formed and developed in this period.
Han Dynasty during the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: During this period, iron tools began to be widely used, which made great breakthroughs in materials for ancient machinery. In addition, the generation of iron and steel technology, casting, forging and softening treatment and other mechanical hot processing technologies have made great progress in this period. It marks that the development of China's traditional machinery has entered a new period.
Tang and Song Dynasties: During this period, China's mechanical development entered a new period. With the new development of hydraulic machinery, the application of hydrodynamic force has been greatly improved.
Ming and Qing Dynasties: High-tech machinery manufacturing appeared. For example, Zheng He's treasure ship was the largest ocean-going ship in ancient times. Piston bellows, driven by a piston and automatically opened and closed by air pressure, became effective blowing equipment for metal smelting and casting. Millennium anchor, cold-drawn steel wire for needle making, etc."Heavenly Creations" is the testimony of mechanical technology at that time. It records a lot about machinery manufacturing and product performance.
2. The modern machinery
In this period of modern machinery development, the main symbol was the Westernization Movement, and China began to set up machinery manufacturing schools and machinery manufacturing factories after the Westernization Movement. From 1840 to 1949, before the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was a modern period. During this period, China's machinery industry gradually changed from handicraft workshop-style small-scale production to production mode using power machines. After the Opium War,Chinese society changed from feudal rule to semi-colonial and semi-feudal rule. The machinery industry born in this period has the characteristics of semi-colonial and semi-feudal from the beginning: the earliest machinery factory using power in China was run by foreign businessmen; The earliest machinery factory founded by the Chinese themselves was an arms enterprise operated by the Qing government; Enterprises founded by Chinese national capital,Has been under the oppression of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic comprador. Shortly after the Second Opium War in 1854, the number of shipyards operated by foreign businessmen in Huangpu increased to five or six.
British and American businessmen have set up shipbuilding factories in East China one after another, among which Shanghai Xiangsheng Shipyard, Yesong Shipyard and Hefeng Shipyard run by British businessmen are the bigger ones. At the beginning of the 20th century,Japan intensified its economic aggression against China in Northeast China. After the Russo-Japanese War, a number of machinery factories were set up in Manchuria. By the 1920s, there had been more than 20 large railway, shipbuilding and mining machinery manufacturers. In 1906, Nanman Railway Co., Ltd. expanded Dalian Railway Factory and Fushun Coal Mine Machinery Factory, which received Russia. Shahekou Railway Factory was newly built in 1907.In 1908, Kawasaki Shipyard expanded its dock and workshop in Dalian, and set up a Dalian branch factory. By 1914, it had developed into a large-scale shipyard with more than 2,800 Japanese workers and more than 10,000 Chinese workers, capable of repairing 5,000-ton ships. In 1919, American businessmen established Shenchang factory in Shanghai, which was specially designed for assembling machines. American businessmen mainly export machinery and equipment to China,For a long time, it accounts for 1/5 to 1/4 of the total imported machinery and equipment in China, and there are few machinery factories. By the Republic of China, China's machinery development had made new progress.
In 1931, Nanjing government began to prepare for the Central Machinery Factory, and its equipment condition was strong. In addition, at that time, China could also imitate some machines with higher progress, such as automatic silk reeling machines and tungsten wire thinning machines.Private machinery factories have also developed rapidly, such as Xinzhong engineering company, Yongli chemical machinery factory, Dalong machinery factory, Shunchang machinery factory, etc.All reflect the development of China's mechanical engineering, including a new period.
3. Modern machinery
After the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, China's mechanical science and technology has developed rapidly.Through unremitting efforts of China, China's machinery industry has gradually developed into a manufacturing industry with certain comprehensive strength, and has initially established its pillar position in the national economy.To the mechanical products of large-scale, precision, automation and complete set of development trend.In some aspects, it has reached or surpassed the world advanced level.At present, the achievements of China's mechanical science and technology are enormous.
The speed of development and the high level are unprecedented. "During the Eighth Five Year Plan period, the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly proposed that the machinery industry and automobile industry should be built into the pillar industries of the national economy.In accordance with this strategic requirement,The former Ministry of machinery industry, together with the former State Planning Commission, formulated the outline for the revitalization of the machinery industry, which was approved by the State Council and promulgated and implemented. It is required that the revitalization of the machinery industry will be basically realized by 2010 in 15 years, making it a pillar industry of the national economy"During the Ninth Five Year Plan period, the machinery industry has made great progress.The outstanding performance is that the output value of the machinery industry accounts for more than 25% of the national industry, and the production keeps stable growth, which provides a large number of reliable equipment for the national economy;At the same time, great progress has been made in the industrialization of high-tech;The ability to develop and manufacture major, precise and complete sets of equipment has been significantly improved;An all-round and multi-level pattern of opening to the outside world has basically taken shape.
The rapid growth of the export of mechanical products has strongly supported the development of the machinery industry and even the national economy;Breakthroughs have been made in system reform. The market mechanism has played a leading role in the development of the machinery industry. The reform of state-owned enterprises with the goal of establishing a modern enterprise system has been steadily promoted,Private enterprises and township enterprises have become a new force in the development of machinery industry"The period of the tenth five year plan is the period of the fastest development and the fastest change in the history of machinery industry.The development of the whole industry has achieved gratifying results with frequent highlights: the output scale has increased rapidly, the development environment has been significantly improved, the industrial structure has changed gratifying, and the service quality has been significantly improved.Over the years, the high-level operation of China's machinery industry and the continuous improvement of profitability have made irreplaceable contributions to the sustainable development of the national economy and the improvement of comprehensive national strength.Therefore, it is of great significance to vigorously develop the machinery industry and equip various departments of the national economy with advanced mechanical equipment to promote the development of China's national economy and society.The 11th five year plan will bring new development opportunities for the machinery industry.As we all know, every five-year plan of our country involves the construction of many large-scale projects, and each project will take the lead to invest nearly 10% of the total investment in equipment, among which mechanical equipment is one of the most important equipment investment.Due to the advance of equipment investment,Therefore, the machinery industry entered the brilliant period ahead of time before the high tide of fixed investment growth, that is, the high-speed development period of traditional machinery industry will be in the next few years.The two industries stimulate the demand for mechanical products.
From the perspective of industry relevance, the automobile and aerospace industries are the two major industries that maintain the closest relationship with traditional machinery,The rapid development of these two industries will directly drive the substantial growth of traditional machinery"During the period of the 12th Five Year Plan, market demand forecast, development strategy and guiding ideology, planning objectives, development priorities and main tasks, policy suggestions and measures are elaborated and planned. The development strategy of promoting the transformation of China's construction machinery industry from a big manufacturing country to a manufacturing power is made clear. It is proposed that through five years' efforts, the R & D and manufacturing system of main engine products, basic technologies and functional components with international advanced level will be initially formed,China's construction machinery industry from extensive, imitative, quantitative to scientific and technological innovation, quality, construction machinery industry has ushered in a cold current benefit type transformation.
This period is not over, and China's mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level.As long as we can adopt correct principles and policies, make good use of the law of scientific and Technological Development and be brave in innovation, China's machinery industry and machinery science and technology will certainly be able to revitalize and lead the development trend of world machinery industry again.
